Which of the following options encompasses both biotic and abiotic factors?

The concept of an ecosystem includes both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components. Biotic factors in an ecosystem consist of all the living organisms, such as plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms that interact with each other. Abiotic factors include the physical and chemical aspects of the environment, such as water, soil, sunlight, temperature, and air. An ecosystem is characterized by the interactions between these biotic and abiotic elements, demonstrating how they influence one another and contribute to the overall dynamic of the environment.

In contrast, a community specifically refers to the group of various species living together in a specific area, focusing primarily on the biotic aspect without considering the abiotic environment. A population is defined as a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area, again emphasizing only biological factors. Lastly, a species is a single type of organism and does not take into account the broader ecological interactions or environmental components. Thus, the holistic nature of an ecosystem, integrating both living and non-living factors, makes it the correct answer.